feat: add comments feature with nested replies and recursive rendering

Implement full comments system: domain entities (Comment, CommentLike),
value objects (CommentContent), use cases (CRUD, like toggle), SQLAlchemy
repository, API v1 endpoints, web UI with comment form and nested replies,
i18n translations (EN/RU/FR/DE), and E2E tests.

Fix nested reply (reply-to-reply) not displaying — the flat reply_comments
dict was only queried for top-level comment IDs, so deeply nested replies
were saved to DB (incrementing comment count) but never rendered. Switch
to a recursive Jinja2 macro that renders any nesting depth.

app/application/use_cases/__init__.py

@@ -4,11 +4,15 @@ This module re-exports all application use cases that implement
 business logic operations for the blog API.
 """
 
+from app.application.use_cases.create_comment import CreateCommentUseCase
 from app.application.use_cases.create_post import CreatePostUseCase
+from app.application.use_cases.delete_comment import DeleteCommentUseCase
 from app.application.use_cases.delete_post import DeletePostUseCase
 from app.application.use_cases.get_post import GetPostUseCase
+from app.application.use_cases.list_comments import ListCommentsUseCase
 from app.application.use_cases.list_posts import ListPostsUseCase
 from app.application.use_cases.publish_post import PublishPostUseCase
+from app.application.use_cases.toggle_comment_like import ToggleCommentLikeUseCase
 from app.application.use_cases.toggle_like import TogglePostLikeUseCase
 from app.application.use_cases.update_post import UpdatePostUseCase
 
@@ -20,4 +24,8 @@ __all__ = [
     "ListPostsUseCase",
     "PublishPostUseCase",
     "TogglePostLikeUseCase",
+    "CreateCommentUseCase",
+    "DeleteCommentUseCase",
+    "ListCommentsUseCase",
+    "ToggleCommentLikeUseCase",
 ]

app/application/use_cases/create_comment.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+"""Create comment use case.
+
+This module implements the use case for creating comments on blog posts.
+Supports both top-level comments and nested replies via parent_id.
+"""
+
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from app.application.dtos.comment import CommentResponseDTO
+from app.application.interfaces import TransactionManager
+from app.domain.entities.comment import Comment
+from app.domain.exceptions import NotFoundException
+from app.domain.repositories import CommentRepository, PostRepository
+
+
+class CreateCommentUseCase:
+    """Use case for creating a comment on a blog post.
+
+    Handles top-level comments and replies to existing comments.
+    Validates that the target post exists before creating.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _post_repo: Repository for post data access.
+        _comment_repo: Repository for comment data access.
+        _tx_manager: Transaction manager for commit control.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        post_repo: PostRepository,
+        comment_repo: CommentRepository,
+        tx_manager: TransactionManager,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize use case with dependencies.
+
+        Args:
+            post_repo: Repository for post operations.
+            comment_repo: Repository for comment operations.
+            tx_manager: Transaction manager instance.
+        """
+        self._post_repo = post_repo
+        self._comment_repo = comment_repo
+        self._tx_manager = tx_manager
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        post_id: UUID,
+        author_id: str,
+        content: str,
+        parent_id: UUID | None = None,
+    ) -> CommentResponseDTO:
+        """Execute the use case to create a comment.
+
+        Args:
+            post_id: UUID of the post to comment on.
+            author_id: Identifier of the comment author.
+            content: Comment content (Markdown supported).
+            parent_id: Optional UUID of parent comment for replies.
+
+        Returns:
+            CommentResponseDTO with created comment data.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundException: If the target post does not exist.
+        """
+        post = await self._post_repo.get_by_id(post_id)
+        if not post:
+            raise NotFoundException(f"Post with id '{post_id}' not found")
+
+        comment = Comment.create(
+            post_id=post_id,
+            author_id=author_id,
+            content_str=content,
+            parent_id=parent_id,
+        )
+
+        await self._comment_repo.add(comment)
+        await self._tx_manager.commit()
+
+        return self._map_to_dto(comment)
+
+    def _map_to_dto(self, comment: Comment) -> CommentResponseDTO:
+        """Map domain entity to response DTO.
+
+        Args:
+            comment: Domain Comment entity.
+
+        Returns:
+            CommentResponseDTO with all comment attributes.
+        """
+        return CommentResponseDTO(
+            id=comment.id,
+            post_id=comment.post_id,
+            author_id=comment.author_id,
+            content=comment.content.value,
+            parent_id=comment.parent_id,
+            like_count=comment.like_count,
+            created_at=comment.created_at,
+            updated_at=comment.updated_at,
+        )

app/application/use_cases/delete_comment.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+"""Delete comment use case.
+
+This module implements the use case for deleting comments.
+Users can delete their own comments.
+"""
+
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from app.application.interfaces import TransactionManager
+from app.domain.exceptions import ForbiddenException, NotFoundException
+from app.domain.repositories import CommentRepository
+
+
+class DeleteCommentUseCase:
+    """Use case for deleting a comment.
+
+    Allows users to delete their own comments.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _comment_repo: Repository for comment data access.
+        _tx_manager: Transaction manager for commit control.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        comment_repo: CommentRepository,
+        tx_manager: TransactionManager,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize use case with dependencies.
+
+        Args:
+            comment_repo: Repository for comment operations.
+            tx_manager: Transaction manager instance.
+        """
+        self._comment_repo = comment_repo
+        self._tx_manager = tx_manager
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        comment_id: UUID,
+        user_id: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Delete a comment.
+
+        Args:
+            comment_id: UUID of the comment to delete.
+            user_id: Identifier of the user requesting deletion.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundException: If the comment does not exist.
+        """
+        comment = await self._comment_repo.get_by_id(comment_id)
+        if not comment:
+            raise NotFoundException(f"Comment with id '{comment_id}' not found")
+
+        if comment.author_id != user_id:
+            raise ForbiddenException("You are not allowed to delete this comment")
+
+        await self._comment_repo.delete(comment_id)
+        await self._tx_manager.commit()

app/application/use_cases/list_comments.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""List comments use case.
+
+This module implements the use case for listing comments on a blog post.
+"""
+
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from app.application.dtos.comment import CommentResponseDTO
+from app.domain.entities.comment import Comment
+from app.domain.repositories import CommentRepository
+
+
+class ListCommentsUseCase:
+    """Use case for listing comments on a blog post.
+
+    Retrieves all comments for a given post ordered by creation time.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _comment_repo: Repository for comment data access.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        comment_repo: CommentRepository,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize use case with dependencies.
+
+        Args:
+            comment_repo: Repository for comment operations.
+        """
+        self._comment_repo = comment_repo
+
+    async def execute(self, post_id: UUID) -> list[CommentResponseDTO]:
+        """List all comments for a post.
+
+        Args:
+            post_id: UUID of the post.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of CommentResponseDTO for the post.
+        """
+        comments = await self._comment_repo.get_by_post(post_id)
+        return [self._map_to_dto(c) for c in comments]
+
+    def _map_to_dto(self, comment: Comment) -> CommentResponseDTO:
+        """Map domain entity to response DTO.
+
+        Args:
+            comment: Domain Comment entity.
+
+        Returns:
+            CommentResponseDTO with all comment attributes.
+        """
+        return CommentResponseDTO(
+            id=comment.id,
+            post_id=comment.post_id,
+            author_id=comment.author_id,
+            content=comment.content.value,
+            parent_id=comment.parent_id,
+            like_count=comment.like_count,
+            created_at=comment.created_at,
+            updated_at=comment.updated_at,
+        )

app/application/use_cases/toggle_comment_like.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Toggle comment like use case.
+
+This module implements the use case for toggling likes on comments.
+If the user already liked the comment, the like is removed (unlike).
+If not, a new like is added.
+"""
+
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from app.application.dtos.comment import CommentResponseDTO
+from app.application.interfaces import TransactionManager
+from app.domain.entities.comment import Comment
+from app.domain.entities.comment_like import CommentLike
+from app.domain.exceptions import NotFoundException
+from app.domain.repositories import CommentRepository
+
+
+class ToggleCommentLikeUseCase:
+    """Use case for toggling a like on a comment.
+
+    Handles like/unlike toggle logic. If the user has already liked
+    the comment, the like is removed. Otherwise, a new like is created.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _comment_repo: Repository for comment and like data access.
+        _tx_manager: Transaction manager for commit control.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        comment_repo: CommentRepository,
+        tx_manager: TransactionManager,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize use case with dependencies.
+
+        Args:
+            comment_repo: Repository for comment and like operations.
+            tx_manager: Transaction manager instance.
+        """
+        self._comment_repo = comment_repo
+        self._tx_manager = tx_manager
+
+    async def execute(self, comment_id: UUID, liked_by: str) -> CommentResponseDTO:
+        """Toggle like on a comment.
+
+        If the user already liked the comment, remove the like.
+        Otherwise, add a new like.
+
+        Args:
+            comment_id: UUID of the comment to toggle like on.
+            liked_by: User ID.
+
+        Returns:
+            CommentResponseDTO with updated like_count.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundException: If comment with given ID does not exist.
+        """
+        comment = await self._comment_repo.get_by_id(comment_id)
+        if not comment:
+            raise NotFoundException(f"Comment with id '{comment_id}' not found")
+
+        existing_like = await self._comment_repo.get_like(comment_id, liked_by)
+
+        if existing_like:
+            await self._comment_repo.remove_like(comment_id, liked_by)
+            comment.like_count = max(0, comment.like_count - 1)
+        else:
+            new_like = CommentLike(comment_id=comment_id, liked_by=liked_by)
+            await self._comment_repo.add_like(new_like)
+            comment.like_count += 1
+
+        await self._comment_repo.update(comment)
+        await self._tx_manager.commit()
+
+        return self._map_to_dto(comment)
+
+    def _map_to_dto(self, comment: Comment) -> CommentResponseDTO:
+        """Map domain entity to response DTO.
+
+        Args:
+            comment: Domain Comment entity.
+
+        Returns:
+            CommentResponseDTO with all comment attributes including like_count.
+        """
+        return CommentResponseDTO(
+            id=comment.id,
+            post_id=comment.post_id,
+            author_id=comment.author_id,
+            content=comment.content.value,
+            parent_id=comment.parent_id,
+            like_count=comment.like_count,
+            created_at=comment.created_at,
+            updated_at=comment.updated_at,
+        )